山西省人民政府关于维护劳改劳教场所安全的规定
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山西省人民政府关于维护劳改劳教场所安全的规定
山西省人民政府关于维护劳改劳教场所安全的规定
山西省政府
为了保证监管改造和劳动教养工作的正常进行，把违法犯罪人员改造成为守法的社会主义合格公民，以维护社会秩序，保卫和促进社会主义建设和改革事业的发展，根据国家有关法律规定，现对维护劳改劳教场所安全规定如下：
一、监狱、劳改队、少年管教所和劳动教养管理所（以下简称劳改劳教场所）是实行人民民主专政的重要部门，保卫劳改劳教场所的安全不受侵犯，是一切国家机关、社会组织和公民的义务。
二、任何组织和个人不得冲击劳改劳教场所，劳改劳教场所使用的土地、设施，生产的产品，拥有的自然资源（含地下矿产资源）和其它财产属于国家所有，禁止任何组织或个人以任何方式侵占、破坏。已经侵占的必须退出、修复并赔偿必要的经济损失。
三、因国家建设需要搬迁劳改劳教场所时，应征得省司法行政机关同意后，报省人民政府批准。搬迁劳改劳教场所，须先提出优于原有条件的场所和设施。
四、劳改劳教场所的建筑物周围应设不少于五米的警戒隔离带。任何组织和个人不得在隔离带内建筑、堆积物品以及从事其它妨碍监管安全的活动。
五、劳改劳教场所所在地的县（区）、乡（镇）人民政府、机关、团体、企业事业单位、村委会、居委会应当教育群众积极协助维护劳改劳教场所的安全，有效地制止对劳改劳教场所的非法侵害。
六、对违反国家有关法律、法规和本规定，侵犯劳改劳教场所安全又不听劝阻的，或者拒不退出已侵占的土地、矿山、设施的，或者对劳改劳教场所造成经济损失而拒不赔偿的，由劳改劳教场所依法提请公安、司法机关处理。
1989年8月7日
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加大调解力度，促进司法和谐
王丹 王长君
随着“构建和谐社会”重大举措的提出，调解结案也成为法院青睐的结案方式，而调解也就成了“司法和谐”的代名词，各级法院均采取各种有效的方式，实现调解效益最大化，取得了较好的效果，但同时也存在一些问题与不足
整体原因
1. 调解需要一定的时间，在不断加强审判流程管理、强化审限管理的同时，工作效率的提高越来越受到重视，调解的工作力度在一定程度上被削弱。
2. 案件数量的不断增加与警力相对紧缺的矛盾进一步突出，使法官应接不暇，没有时间过多地做当事人的调解工作，从而忽视了调解工作，甚至流于程序，客观上造成调解不能,从而降低调解结案率。
3. 调解需要当事人对法官的信任，而目前法院的司法权威和法官的社会公信力与社会及当事人的期望值有较大的差距，对法院及法官还有一种不太信任的态度，怕调解使自己吃亏。
4. 案件承办人员对司法政策的理解不够全面，除部分案件应当先调解外，认为其它案件调解并非必经程序，或认为调解过多有损法院形象，更体现不出法律的权威性或说强制性的一面。
5. “人情”的干预，导致部分法官不当行使调解的权利，也影响了当事人自由处分权的行使。
6. 法律意识不断增强，经济进一步发展，诉讼的目的不再主要是经济利益，很大程度上打官司是“打个名气、掰个输赢”，当事人不愿调解。
个体(具体案件)原因
1. 债务及经济纠纷案件调解率较高，但调解率浮动幅度较大。原因是债务案件是一种既期、短期利益，责任明确，争议不大，只是暂时给付不能，相对来说调解结案较容易，案件调解率也较高，但从调解率浮动幅度较大，主要原因是前几年金融机构贷款纠纷案件大量积累，为及时追回贷款，化解金融风险，保护自己的合法权益，大量纠纷涌向向法院，有时占当年法院此类案件的绝大部分，此类案件基本都能调解结案，从而使当年案件调解率大幅度上升；从2003年以后，此类案件诉讼高峰期结束，即使有也仅占此类案件的极少部分，也导致了案件调解率和案件数量的大幅度降低。
2. 离婚、相邻案件调解率较低且较稳定。其原因是随着经济的发展和改革开放的进一步深化，西方的婚姻观念不断冲击着我国传统的婚姻观念，人们对婚姻观念有较大的转变，其权利意识进一步增强，婚姻自由越来越成为追求的目标，人性化得到充分体现，从而导致离婚案件的增加。再加上妇女地位的提高，人身、财产的独立性得到空前增强，对男子的依附性大大减弱，这也成为离婚的“催化剂”。在案件诉讼过程中，双方对离婚与否绝大多数能达成共识，但财产分割、孩子抚养就成为争议的焦点，从而导致调解不能，直接的反映就是调解率较低且稳定；相邻案件的双方当事人主要是隔壁两邻，有的还是亲属关系，其所争议的标的是具有长期性，甚至关系到子孙后代的长远利益，所以当事人在处分自己的权利时非常谨慎，出现“宁伤感情也不损后代利益”局面，故造成案件调解的难度增大，案件调解率较低的原因。
3. 侵权赔偿纠纷案件的调解率居中且基本稳定。侵权赔偿案件特别是人身损害赔偿案件既涉及到财产权更涉及到人身权，产生纠纷的原因是平时积怨的结果，“百尺之冰，非一日之寒”，在诉讼过程中分歧较大，不容易调解结案，打官司的目的不仅是财产利益更是精神（心理）利益，甚至是打官司是“打个名气、掰个输赢、讨个说法”，判决效果更好，当事人根本不愿调解，故此类案件调解率较低。
4. 其它案件（主要是特殊侵权等新类型案件）的调解率不稳定，波动幅度较大。随着我国法制进程的不断推进，法院受理案件范围越来越广，新类型案件层出不穷，且越来越专业化，每年所出现的新类型案件没有一定的规律性，具有较大的偶然性，且不同的案件的调解方法也有较大的差异性，甚至部分案件（特别程序）依法根本就不适用调解，调解率波动幅度较大就成了势在必然。
存在的问题与不足
在调解工作中存在两种倾向：一是过于强调调解率，以调解结案作为评定工作和法官能力发主要指标。这就会使一些案件承办人员为了调解结案，出现强制调解的情况，如在审判实践中出现的“以拖压调”、“以判压调”、“以劝压调”、“以诱压调”等，甚至因法院内部审限及畏难情绪也会出现而对当事人采取强迫调解的现象；强调调解结案只是一种结案方式，辩证看待调解工作虽然能够产生良好的法律效果和社会效果，但它并不是一个终极目标，审判活动的终极目标是实现公正和效率，不能为了完成调解结案的指标而久调不决，拖延时间；也不能违法调解，压制当事人，给当事人留下“和稀泥”的印象，让当事人心有不甘；二是忽视调解工作，使调解成为走形式。调解本来就是当事人之间一个互让互谅的过程，为使纠纷解决，必定有双方在利益上有所让步，而法官一旦把握不好审判者和调解者的双重身份，要求让步的一方当事人会理解为司法的不公，对调解失去信心，表现为不积极，敷衍了事，这也打击了法官主持调解的积极性，使审判中的调解程序走走过场，很难调解结案，诉讼效率低。
调解立法规范存在的问题与思考和对策
（一）调解立法规范存在的不足
１．法律规定调解必须在查明事实、分清责任的基础上进行弊多利少。根据民事诉讼法的规定，法院应根据当事人自愿的原则，在事实清楚的基础上，分清是非，进行调解。查明事实、分清责任是判决的前提条件，而调解的含义本身就包括对某些界限不清的事实、责任含糊不究，互谅互让，以达到既解决纠纷又不伤和气的目的。当事人选择调解的目的之一就是要提高效率，如果所有案件都要求在查明事实、分清责任的前提下进行调解，调解的优势就会丧失，还不如判决更简便、快捷。可见，一味要求查明事实、分清责任，既不尊重当事人的自由处分权，耗时、费力，又浪费法院的审判资源。
２．法律及司法解释的规定过于简单，审判实践中难以操作。民事诉讼法、最高法院《关于适用民事诉讼法若干问题的意见》设专章规定了调解，但内容简单，过于原则，缺乏法官和当事人必须遵守的程序和规范。这一方面造成法官在实施过程中随意性很大，何时调解、如何调解，均由法官决定，没有程序性的约束；另一方面，造成法官在实施过程中不敢大胆适用。
３．“调审合一”影响司法公正。民事诉讼法对调解的程序未作独立、专门的规定，实行的是“调审合一”的调解模式。这种模式对降低诉讼成本、避免严格程序带来的对抗性，具有一定的合理性和现实意义。但是，随着司法改革的进一步深化，它在审判实践中所暴露出来的弊端日益突出，如在案件审理过程中，法官常常身兼调解者和审判者双重身份，势必造成法官在身份上的冲突，一旦调解不成，容易使当事人对法院的公正和判决的正义产生怀疑，有损司法权威。
４．调解中的职权主义色彩过重。民事审判方式改革虽然起步较早，但传统审判方式的影响依然根深蒂固，反映在调解上就是法官的职权主义特别突出。首先，法官对运用调解方式还是判决方式结案，拥有较大的选择权，有些能调解结案的案件，法官却将调解走了过场；有些案件应当及时判决，法官却在开庭后反复调解，久调不决。其次，调解中法官多是扮演“主宰者”角色，忽视当事人尤其是债权人的诉讼权利和实体权益，甚至强迫或变相强迫当事人接受调解。
５．赋予当事人反悔权的规定有待完善。根据民事诉讼法的规定，调解书送达前任何一方当事人都可以反悔，而无需任何理由。因此，当事人在诉讼中达成的调解协议对当事人并无任何约束力。这对调解制度的发展产生了不利影响，损害了法院的权威和遵守调解协议一方当事人的利益，导致了审判资源的浪费，助长了当事人在调解中随意言行、不负责任的倾向。
6．审限对调解的影响应引起重视。根据民事诉讼法的规定，适用简易程序审理的案件，应当在立案之日起３个月内审结。对于适用简易程序审理的案件来讲，因法官在同一时间段内审理的案件数量太多，导致实际分配到每一个案件上的绝对时间是不到３个月的，并且有些案件在调解过程中需要进行“冷处理”，因法律及司法解释未明确规定适用简易程序审理案件的期限是否可以延长，导致有些本来可以采用调解方式解决的纠纷最后却采用了判决方式解决。
海关总署
中华人民共和国海关总署对进出经济特区的货物、运输工具、行李物品和邮递物品的管理规定(附英文)
1986年3月25日，海关总署
第一章 总 则
第一条 为了促进经济特区的发展，维护国家利益，保障社会主义经济建设的顺利进行，制定本规定。
第二条 本规定适用于深圳、珠海、汕头、厦门四个经济特区（以下简称特区）。
第三条 进出特区的货物、运输工具、行李物品、邮递物品，必须经由设有海关机构的铁路车站、公路道口、港口码头、机场、邮局通过，并向海关申报，接受海关监管。
第四条 特区内从事进出口业务的外贸企业、生产企业，应当持省级以上对外经济贸易管理部门或特区人民政府批准的证件，向海关办理登记手续。海关认为确有必要，可以在前款的生产企业中派驻海关人员进行监管，办理海关手续；各该企业应当免费提供必需的办公场所和用房。本条第一款所列企业应当定期向海关书面报告进口货物的使用、销售、库存等有关情况，由海关进行核查。
第五条 严禁利用国家给予特区的优惠和便利条件进行走私违法活动。海关对特区内有藏匿走私物品嫌疑的场所，有权依照《中华人民共和国暂行海关法》的规定进行检查。
第六条 由外国和香港、澳门等地区（以下简称境外）通过特区运进内地或者由内地通过特区运出境外的货物、运输工具、行李物品、邮递物品，按照国家对进出口的有关管理规定办理。
第七条 特区海关对进出特区的货物、运输工具、行李物品、邮递物品，应当按进口、出口和来往特区与内地等情况分别作出统计。
第二章 对进出特区的货物的管理
第八条 特区进出口货物，应当由收货人、发货人或他们的代理人填写进出口货物报关单向海关申报，并按照有关规定交验许可证件和其他有关单证。
第九条 特区内的行政机关、企业、事业等单位，经国家规定的主管机构批准，进口供特区内使用的货物，其关税和工商统一税（产品税或增值税），按以下规定办理：一、用于特区建设和生产所需的机器、设备、零件、部件、原料、材料、燃料及货运车辆，旅游、饮食业营业用的餐料，行政机关、企业、事业等单位自用的、数量合理的办公用品和交通工具，予以免税。二、国家规定限制进口的货物及其零件、部件，除供本企业生产或营业自用的，以及供行政机关、事业单位自用的予以免税外，均按规定税率照章征税。三、本条第一、二项所列物品以外的其它货物，每年由国家授权的部门审定进口额度，在进口额度以内的货物，按规定税率减半计征；对超出额度部分的货物照章征税。
第十条 特区企业出口特区产品，免征出口关税。
第十一条 特区企业生产的制成品，按照国家有关规定，经批准运往内地，发货人或其代理人应当填写《经济特区运往内地货物报关单》，并且按照有关规定交验许可证件和其他有关单证，经海关查验后放行。特区进口的货物，除国家另有规定者外，严禁转销内地。
第十二条 特区企业使用免税进口的原料、材料、零件、部件（以下简称料、件）加工装配的制成品，应复运出口。前款制成品，经批准运往内地时，海关对进口料、件补征税款；在特区内销售的，对其所用的料、件，由海关按照本规定第九条的规定，免征或补征税款；需补征税款的制成品，发货人或其代理人对所含进口料、件的品名、数量、价值申报不清的，海关按制成品补征税款。
第十三条 从内地运进特区的货物，收货人或其代理人应当向海关申报，经海关查验后放行。
第三章 对进出特区的运输工具的管理
第十四条 进出特区的船舶、火车、汽车和航空器，应当由运输工具的负责人、所有人或他们的代理人向海关申报，接受海关检查。
第十五条 特区内经营客货运输企业的汽车、船舶和其他企业所有或者个人自有进出特区的运输汽车、船舶，应当由所属单位或所有人，持特区有关主管部门批准的证件，向海关登记、备案。登记内容包括：车、船数量，车、船牌照号码、名称及驾驶员（或船员）名单等。
第四章 对进出特区的行李物品和邮递物品的管理
第十六条 由境外运进特区或者由特区运出境外的个人行李物品以及从境外寄入特区或者从特区寄往境外的个人邮递物品，分别按照海关对进出境旅客行李物品和运进运出邮递物品监管办法办理。
第十七条 境外人员在特区购置住宅或者在特区长期居住，需要运进安家物品，应当持特区有关主管部门出具的证明文件向海关申请，经海关核准，在自用、合理数量范围内的，予以查验免税放行。
第十八条 来往于特区与内地的人员携带的行李物品，以合理数量为限，海关查验放行。
第十九条 从特区寄往内地或者从内地寄进特区的个人邮递物品，以合理数量为限。
第五章 附 则
第二十条 对违反本规定的走私、违章行为，应当由海关按照《中华人民共和国暂行海关法》和其他有关法规的规定处理。对触犯刑律的人员，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第二十一条 本规定由海关总署负责解释；各特区海关可根据本规定制定实施细则，报海关总署批准后施行。
第二十二条 本规定自一九八六年四月一日起施行。（注解：一九八六年三月二十一日国务院对本《规定》的批复（国函〔1986〕42号）：《中华人民共和国国务院关于经济特区和沿海十四个港口城市减征、免征企业所得税和工商统一税的暂行规定》（国发〔1984〕161号）中，关于对经济特区的进口货物征收工商统一税的规定与本《规定》不一致的，以本《规定》为准。自本《规定》施行之日起，国务院一九八四年七月十七日发布的国发〔1984〕94号文件即行废止。）(附英文)
PROVISIONS OF THE GENERAL CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OVER GOODS, MEANS OF CONVEYANCE, LUGGAGE ANDPOSTALARTICLES ENTERING OR LEAVING THE SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE GENERAL CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OVER GOODS, MEANS OF CONVEYANCE, LUGGAGE AND
POSTAL ARTICLES ENTERING OR LEAVING THE SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
(Approved by the State Council on March 21, 1986, promulgated by
the General Customs Administration on March 25, 1986)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to promoting the development
of Special Economic Zones, safeguarding national interests and ensuring
the smooth progress of socialist construction.
Article 2
These Provisions shall apply to the four Special Economic Zones: Shenzhen,
Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen (hereinafter referred to as "SEZ").
Article 3
Goods, means of conveyance, luggage and postal articles entering or
leaving SEZ shall go through the railway stations, road passes, sea ports,
aerodromes or post offices where there are Customs establishments and
shall be subject to declaration to the Customs and to its supervision and
control.
Article 4
All foreign trade enterprises or production enterprises within SEZ engaged
in import or export business shall complete the formalities of
registration at the Customs against the documents of approval issued by
the foreign economic and trade administrations at the provincial level or
above, or by SEZ people's governments.
If it is necessary, Customs officers may be sent to the aforesaid
production enterprises and stationed there for the performance of
supervision and control and the conduct of Customs procedures. All such
enterprises shall provide necessary offices and accommodations free of
charge.
Regular written reports on the end-use, sales and inventory of the
imported goods shall be submitted to the Customs by the enterprises
mentioned in Paragraph 1 of this Article for inspection and verification.
Article 5
Smuggling and other illegal activities carried out by taking advantage of
the preferential treatments granted to SEZ by the State are strictly
prohibited. The Customs is empowered to inspect, in accordance with the
Interim Customs Law [*1] any premises in SEZ which are suspected of
concealing smuggled goods.
Article 6
Goods, means of conveyance, passengers' luggage and personal effects and
mails destined to or originated from the non-SEZ areas of China, on their
way, from or to foreign countries or regions of Hong Kong and Macao via
SEZ, shall be handled in accordance with relevant State regulations on the
control of imports and exports.
Article 7
The Customs establishments in SEZ shall register the statistics of the
goods, means of conveyance, passengers' luggage and personal effects, and
mails entering and leaving SEZ according to the categories of import,
export or transport between SEZ and the non-SEZ areas.
Chapter II Control over Goods Entering or Leaving SEZ
Article 8
The consigner or the consignee or his agent shall fill in the Customs
declaration forms declaring the goods entering or leaving SEZ and submit
the relevant licenses and other documents to the Customs for examination
in accordance with pertinent regulations.
Article 9
The Customs duties and consolidated industrial and commercial taxes
(products tax and value added tax) on goods imported by the administrative
organs, institutions and enterprises in SEZ for use within SEZ, upon
approval of the competent authorities specified by State regulations,
shall be dealt with in the following ways:
(1) No duty and tax shall be levied on the machines, equipment, spare
parts, components, materials, fuel and transport vehicles imported for
construction and production in SEZ, nor on foodstuffs for the tourism and
catering trade and office equipment and means of transport imported in
reasonable quantities by enterprises, institutions and administrative
organs for their own use.
(2) Duties and taxes shall be levied at specified rates on goods, spare
parts, and components which are subject to import restrictions set by the
State, except those imported by enterprises for their own use in
production and business operations or by administrative organs and
institutions for their own use.
(3) The departments authorized by the State shall review and determine
annual import quotas for goods other than those listed in Items (1) and
(2) of this Article, and duties and taxes shall be computed and collected
on the goods imported within the set quotas at half of the specified
rates, and full-rate duties and taxes shall, according to relevant
regulations, be levied on the goods imported beyond the set quotas.
Article 10
Exemption from export duties shall be granted to export goods produced by
enterprises in SEZ.
Article 11
When the finished products manufactured in SEZ are transferred to non-SEZ
areas upon approval according to the relevant State regulations, the
consigner or his agent shall declare to the Customs by filling out a
declaration form for the transference of goods to other areas from SEZ and
submit it together with the approval documents and other relevant papers
to the Customs in conformity with the regulations. The aforesaid products
shall be released by the Customs after checking.
Goods imported into SEZ are strictly prohibited from being transferred to
other areas for sale unless otherwise stipulated by the State.
Article 12
Finished products processed or assembled by enterprises in SEZ with raw
materials, spare parts, components (hereinafter referred to as materials
and parts) imported duty free shall be re-exported.
Where the finished products mentioned above are transshipped, upon
approval, to other areas, payment of duties and taxes shall be calculated
on the basis of the imported materials and parts employed in the products.
Where the products are sold within SEZ, exemption from or payment of
duties and taxes on the imported materials and parts shall be handled
according to the stipulations in Article 9 of these Provisions. In a case
where the consigner or his agent fails to clarify the description,
quantities and value of imported materials and parts employed in the
products, payment of duties and taxes shall be calculated at such a rate
as if the finished products as a whole had been imported.
Article 13
The consignee or his agent shall declare to the Customs on goods
introduced into SEZ from other areas and the Customs shall release such
goods after checking.
Chapter III Control over Means of Conveyance Entering or Leaving SEZ
Article 14
All ships, trains, vehicles and aircraft entering or leaving SEZ shall be
declared to the Customs by the persons in charge, the owners or owners'
agents for inspection.
Article 15
All vehicles and vessels engaged in freight or passenger service or those
owned by enterprises or individuals in SEZ for transportation shall be
registered for the record at the Customs by the owners of the vehicles and
vessels with the approval documents issued by the relevant competent
authorities of SEZ together with a list stating the total number of
vehicles or vessels, licence numbers, their designations, names of the
drivers or of the crew.
Chapter IV Control over Luggage and Postal Articles Entering and Leaving SEZ
Article 16
Luggage carried by passengers entering SEZ from abroad or leaving SEZ for
abroad and personal articles sent by post from abroad into SEZ or sent
abroad by post from SEZ shall all be dealt with according to the Customs
rules on the control over the luggage and articles carried by the
passengers or postal articles entering or leaving Chinese territories.
Article 17
Articles intended for the establishment of the persons from abroad who
have bought residential houses or have decided to reside in SEZ for a long
time shall be declared to the Customs with the certification papers issued
by the relevant competent authorities of SEZ. The articles shall be
released duty free after Customs inspection if they are verified to be for
personal use and within reasonable quantities.
Article 18
Luggage carried by passengers travelling between SEZ and other areas shall
be restricted to reasonable quantities and be released by the Customs
after checking.
Article 19
Personal articles sent by post between SEZ and other areas in both
directions shall be in reasonable quantities.
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 20
Smuggling and other infringements upon these Provisions shall be dealt
with by the Customs according to the Interim Customs Law [*2] and other
relevant regulations. The judicial organs shall investigate the criminal
responsibilities of those who violate the criminal law.
Article 21
The right to interpret these Provisions resides in the General Customs
Administration; the Customs establishments in SEZ may, in accordance with
these Provisions, formulate specific rules for implementation, which shall
be enforced after approval by the General Customs Administration.
Article 22
These Provisions shall be effective as of April 1, 1986.
Notes:
[*1] [*2] The Interim Customs Law has been superseded by the Customs of
Law of the People's Republic of China, which was adopted at the 19th
Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress
of the People's Republic of China on January 22, 1987 - The Editor
王丹 王长君
随着“构建和谐社会”重大举措的提出，调解结案也成为法院青睐的结案方式，而调解也就成了“司法和谐”的代名词，各级法院均采取各种有效的方式，实现调解效益最大化，取得了较好的效果，但同时也存在一些问题与不足
整体原因
1. 调解需要一定的时间，在不断加强审判流程管理、强化审限管理的同时，工作效率的提高越来越受到重视，调解的工作力度在一定程度上被削弱。
2. 案件数量的不断增加与警力相对紧缺的矛盾进一步突出，使法官应接不暇，没有时间过多地做当事人的调解工作，从而忽视了调解工作，甚至流于程序，客观上造成调解不能,从而降低调解结案率。
3. 调解需要当事人对法官的信任，而目前法院的司法权威和法官的社会公信力与社会及当事人的期望值有较大的差距，对法院及法官还有一种不太信任的态度，怕调解使自己吃亏。
4. 案件承办人员对司法政策的理解不够全面，除部分案件应当先调解外，认为其它案件调解并非必经程序，或认为调解过多有损法院形象，更体现不出法律的权威性或说强制性的一面。
5. “人情”的干预，导致部分法官不当行使调解的权利，也影响了当事人自由处分权的行使。
6. 法律意识不断增强，经济进一步发展，诉讼的目的不再主要是经济利益，很大程度上打官司是“打个名气、掰个输赢”，当事人不愿调解。
个体(具体案件)原因
1. 债务及经济纠纷案件调解率较高，但调解率浮动幅度较大。原因是债务案件是一种既期、短期利益，责任明确，争议不大，只是暂时给付不能，相对来说调解结案较容易，案件调解率也较高，但从调解率浮动幅度较大，主要原因是前几年金融机构贷款纠纷案件大量积累，为及时追回贷款，化解金融风险，保护自己的合法权益，大量纠纷涌向向法院，有时占当年法院此类案件的绝大部分，此类案件基本都能调解结案，从而使当年案件调解率大幅度上升；从2003年以后，此类案件诉讼高峰期结束，即使有也仅占此类案件的极少部分，也导致了案件调解率和案件数量的大幅度降低。
2. 离婚、相邻案件调解率较低且较稳定。其原因是随着经济的发展和改革开放的进一步深化，西方的婚姻观念不断冲击着我国传统的婚姻观念，人们对婚姻观念有较大的转变，其权利意识进一步增强，婚姻自由越来越成为追求的目标，人性化得到充分体现，从而导致离婚案件的增加。再加上妇女地位的提高，人身、财产的独立性得到空前增强，对男子的依附性大大减弱，这也成为离婚的“催化剂”。在案件诉讼过程中，双方对离婚与否绝大多数能达成共识，但财产分割、孩子抚养就成为争议的焦点，从而导致调解不能，直接的反映就是调解率较低且稳定；相邻案件的双方当事人主要是隔壁两邻，有的还是亲属关系，其所争议的标的是具有长期性，甚至关系到子孙后代的长远利益，所以当事人在处分自己的权利时非常谨慎，出现“宁伤感情也不损后代利益”局面，故造成案件调解的难度增大，案件调解率较低的原因。
3. 侵权赔偿纠纷案件的调解率居中且基本稳定。侵权赔偿案件特别是人身损害赔偿案件既涉及到财产权更涉及到人身权，产生纠纷的原因是平时积怨的结果，“百尺之冰，非一日之寒”，在诉讼过程中分歧较大，不容易调解结案，打官司的目的不仅是财产利益更是精神（心理）利益，甚至是打官司是“打个名气、掰个输赢、讨个说法”，判决效果更好，当事人根本不愿调解，故此类案件调解率较低。
4. 其它案件（主要是特殊侵权等新类型案件）的调解率不稳定，波动幅度较大。随着我国法制进程的不断推进，法院受理案件范围越来越广，新类型案件层出不穷，且越来越专业化，每年所出现的新类型案件没有一定的规律性，具有较大的偶然性，且不同的案件的调解方法也有较大的差异性，甚至部分案件（特别程序）依法根本就不适用调解，调解率波动幅度较大就成了势在必然。
存在的问题与不足
在调解工作中存在两种倾向：一是过于强调调解率，以调解结案作为评定工作和法官能力发主要指标。这就会使一些案件承办人员为了调解结案，出现强制调解的情况，如在审判实践中出现的“以拖压调”、“以判压调”、“以劝压调”、“以诱压调”等，甚至因法院内部审限及畏难情绪也会出现而对当事人采取强迫调解的现象；强调调解结案只是一种结案方式，辩证看待调解工作虽然能够产生良好的法律效果和社会效果，但它并不是一个终极目标，审判活动的终极目标是实现公正和效率，不能为了完成调解结案的指标而久调不决，拖延时间；也不能违法调解，压制当事人，给当事人留下“和稀泥”的印象，让当事人心有不甘；二是忽视调解工作，使调解成为走形式。调解本来就是当事人之间一个互让互谅的过程，为使纠纷解决，必定有双方在利益上有所让步，而法官一旦把握不好审判者和调解者的双重身份，要求让步的一方当事人会理解为司法的不公，对调解失去信心，表现为不积极，敷衍了事，这也打击了法官主持调解的积极性，使审判中的调解程序走走过场，很难调解结案，诉讼效率低。
调解立法规范存在的问题与思考和对策
（一）调解立法规范存在的不足
１．法律规定调解必须在查明事实、分清责任的基础上进行弊多利少。根据民事诉讼法的规定，法院应根据当事人自愿的原则，在事实清楚的基础上，分清是非，进行调解。查明事实、分清责任是判决的前提条件，而调解的含义本身就包括对某些界限不清的事实、责任含糊不究，互谅互让，以达到既解决纠纷又不伤和气的目的。当事人选择调解的目的之一就是要提高效率，如果所有案件都要求在查明事实、分清责任的前提下进行调解，调解的优势就会丧失，还不如判决更简便、快捷。可见，一味要求查明事实、分清责任，既不尊重当事人的自由处分权，耗时、费力，又浪费法院的审判资源。
２．法律及司法解释的规定过于简单，审判实践中难以操作。民事诉讼法、最高法院《关于适用民事诉讼法若干问题的意见》设专章规定了调解，但内容简单，过于原则，缺乏法官和当事人必须遵守的程序和规范。这一方面造成法官在实施过程中随意性很大，何时调解、如何调解，均由法官决定，没有程序性的约束；另一方面，造成法官在实施过程中不敢大胆适用。
３．“调审合一”影响司法公正。民事诉讼法对调解的程序未作独立、专门的规定，实行的是“调审合一”的调解模式。这种模式对降低诉讼成本、避免严格程序带来的对抗性，具有一定的合理性和现实意义。但是，随着司法改革的进一步深化，它在审判实践中所暴露出来的弊端日益突出，如在案件审理过程中，法官常常身兼调解者和审判者双重身份，势必造成法官在身份上的冲突，一旦调解不成，容易使当事人对法院的公正和判决的正义产生怀疑，有损司法权威。
４．调解中的职权主义色彩过重。民事审判方式改革虽然起步较早，但传统审判方式的影响依然根深蒂固，反映在调解上就是法官的职权主义特别突出。首先，法官对运用调解方式还是判决方式结案，拥有较大的选择权，有些能调解结案的案件，法官却将调解走了过场；有些案件应当及时判决，法官却在开庭后反复调解，久调不决。其次，调解中法官多是扮演“主宰者”角色，忽视当事人尤其是债权人的诉讼权利和实体权益，甚至强迫或变相强迫当事人接受调解。
５．赋予当事人反悔权的规定有待完善。根据民事诉讼法的规定，调解书送达前任何一方当事人都可以反悔，而无需任何理由。因此，当事人在诉讼中达成的调解协议对当事人并无任何约束力。这对调解制度的发展产生了不利影响，损害了法院的权威和遵守调解协议一方当事人的利益，导致了审判资源的浪费，助长了当事人在调解中随意言行、不负责任的倾向。
6．审限对调解的影响应引起重视。根据民事诉讼法的规定，适用简易程序审理的案件，应当在立案之日起３个月内审结。对于适用简易程序审理的案件来讲，因法官在同一时间段内审理的案件数量太多，导致实际分配到每一个案件上的绝对时间是不到３个月的，并且有些案件在调解过程中需要进行“冷处理”，因法律及司法解释未明确规定适用简易程序审理案件的期限是否可以延长，导致有些本来可以采用调解方式解决的纠纷最后却采用了判决方式解决。
中华人民共和国海关总署对进出经济特区的货物、运输工具、行李物品和邮递物品的管理规定(附英文)
中华人民共和国海关总署对进出经济特区的货物、运输工具、行李物品和邮递物品的管理规定(附英文)
1986年3月25日，海关总署
第一章 总 则
第一条 为了促进经济特区的发展，维护国家利益，保障社会主义经济建设的顺利进行，制定本规定。
第二条 本规定适用于深圳、珠海、汕头、厦门四个经济特区（以下简称特区）。
第三条 进出特区的货物、运输工具、行李物品、邮递物品，必须经由设有海关机构的铁路车站、公路道口、港口码头、机场、邮局通过，并向海关申报，接受海关监管。
第四条 特区内从事进出口业务的外贸企业、生产企业，应当持省级以上对外经济贸易管理部门或特区人民政府批准的证件，向海关办理登记手续。海关认为确有必要，可以在前款的生产企业中派驻海关人员进行监管，办理海关手续；各该企业应当免费提供必需的办公场所和用房。本条第一款所列企业应当定期向海关书面报告进口货物的使用、销售、库存等有关情况，由海关进行核查。
第五条 严禁利用国家给予特区的优惠和便利条件进行走私违法活动。海关对特区内有藏匿走私物品嫌疑的场所，有权依照《中华人民共和国暂行海关法》的规定进行检查。
第六条 由外国和香港、澳门等地区（以下简称境外）通过特区运进内地或者由内地通过特区运出境外的货物、运输工具、行李物品、邮递物品，按照国家对进出口的有关管理规定办理。
第七条 特区海关对进出特区的货物、运输工具、行李物品、邮递物品，应当按进口、出口和来往特区与内地等情况分别作出统计。
第二章 对进出特区的货物的管理
第八条 特区进出口货物，应当由收货人、发货人或他们的代理人填写进出口货物报关单向海关申报，并按照有关规定交验许可证件和其他有关单证。
第九条 特区内的行政机关、企业、事业等单位，经国家规定的主管机构批准，进口供特区内使用的货物，其关税和工商统一税（产品税或增值税），按以下规定办理：一、用于特区建设和生产所需的机器、设备、零件、部件、原料、材料、燃料及货运车辆，旅游、饮食业营业用的餐料，行政机关、企业、事业等单位自用的、数量合理的办公用品和交通工具，予以免税。二、国家规定限制进口的货物及其零件、部件，除供本企业生产或营业自用的，以及供行政机关、事业单位自用的予以免税外，均按规定税率照章征税。三、本条第一、二项所列物品以外的其它货物，每年由国家授权的部门审定进口额度，在进口额度以内的货物，按规定税率减半计征；对超出额度部分的货物照章征税。
第十条 特区企业出口特区产品，免征出口关税。
第十一条 特区企业生产的制成品，按照国家有关规定，经批准运往内地，发货人或其代理人应当填写《经济特区运往内地货物报关单》，并且按照有关规定交验许可证件和其他有关单证，经海关查验后放行。特区进口的货物，除国家另有规定者外，严禁转销内地。
第十二条 特区企业使用免税进口的原料、材料、零件、部件（以下简称料、件）加工装配的制成品，应复运出口。前款制成品，经批准运往内地时，海关对进口料、件补征税款；在特区内销售的，对其所用的料、件，由海关按照本规定第九条的规定，免征或补征税款；需补征税款的制成品，发货人或其代理人对所含进口料、件的品名、数量、价值申报不清的，海关按制成品补征税款。
第十三条 从内地运进特区的货物，收货人或其代理人应当向海关申报，经海关查验后放行。
第三章 对进出特区的运输工具的管理
第十四条 进出特区的船舶、火车、汽车和航空器，应当由运输工具的负责人、所有人或他们的代理人向海关申报，接受海关检查。
第十五条 特区内经营客货运输企业的汽车、船舶和其他企业所有或者个人自有进出特区的运输汽车、船舶，应当由所属单位或所有人，持特区有关主管部门批准的证件，向海关登记、备案。登记内容包括：车、船数量，车、船牌照号码、名称及驾驶员（或船员）名单等。
第四章 对进出特区的行李物品和邮递物品的管理
第十六条 由境外运进特区或者由特区运出境外的个人行李物品以及从境外寄入特区或者从特区寄往境外的个人邮递物品，分别按照海关对进出境旅客行李物品和运进运出邮递物品监管办法办理。
第十七条 境外人员在特区购置住宅或者在特区长期居住，需要运进安家物品，应当持特区有关主管部门出具的证明文件向海关申请，经海关核准，在自用、合理数量范围内的，予以查验免税放行。
第十八条 来往于特区与内地的人员携带的行李物品，以合理数量为限，海关查验放行。
第十九条 从特区寄往内地或者从内地寄进特区的个人邮递物品，以合理数量为限。
第五章 附 则
第二十条 对违反本规定的走私、违章行为，应当由海关按照《中华人民共和国暂行海关法》和其他有关法规的规定处理。对触犯刑律的人员，由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第二十一条 本规定由海关总署负责解释；各特区海关可根据本规定制定实施细则，报海关总署批准后施行。
第二十二条 本规定自一九八六年四月一日起施行。（注解：一九八六年三月二十一日国务院对本《规定》的批复（国函〔1986〕42号）：《中华人民共和国国务院关于经济特区和沿海十四个港口城市减征、免征企业所得税和工商统一税的暂行规定》（国发〔1984〕161号）中，关于对经济特区的进口货物征收工商统一税的规定与本《规定》不一致的，以本《规定》为准。自本《规定》施行之日起，国务院一九八四年七月十七日发布的国发〔1984〕94号文件即行废止。）(附英文)
PROVISIONS OF THE GENERAL CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OVER GOODS, MEANS OF CONVEYANCE, LUGGAGE ANDPOSTALARTICLES ENTERING OR LEAVING THE SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE GENERAL CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON CONTROL OVER GOODS, MEANS OF CONVEYANCE, LUGGAGE AND
POSTAL ARTICLES ENTERING OR LEAVING THE SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
(Approved by the State Council on March 21, 1986, promulgated by
the General Customs Administration on March 25, 1986)
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated with a view to promoting the development
of Special Economic Zones, safeguarding national interests and ensuring
the smooth progress of socialist construction.
Article 2
These Provisions shall apply to the four Special Economic Zones: Shenzhen,
Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen (hereinafter referred to as "SEZ").
Article 3
Goods, means of conveyance, luggage and postal articles entering or
leaving SEZ shall go through the railway stations, road passes, sea ports,
aerodromes or post offices where there are Customs establishments and
shall be subject to declaration to the Customs and to its supervision and
control.
Article 4
All foreign trade enterprises or production enterprises within SEZ engaged
in import or export business shall complete the formalities of
registration at the Customs against the documents of approval issued by
the foreign economic and trade administrations at the provincial level or
above, or by SEZ people's governments.
If it is necessary, Customs officers may be sent to the aforesaid
production enterprises and stationed there for the performance of
supervision and control and the conduct of Customs procedures. All such
enterprises shall provide necessary offices and accommodations free of
charge.
Regular written reports on the end-use, sales and inventory of the
imported goods shall be submitted to the Customs by the enterprises
mentioned in Paragraph 1 of this Article for inspection and verification.
Article 5
Smuggling and other illegal activities carried out by taking advantage of
the preferential treatments granted to SEZ by the State are strictly
prohibited. The Customs is empowered to inspect, in accordance with the
Interim Customs Law [*1] any premises in SEZ which are suspected of
concealing smuggled goods.
Article 6
Goods, means of conveyance, passengers' luggage and personal effects and
mails destined to or originated from the non-SEZ areas of China, on their
way, from or to foreign countries or regions of Hong Kong and Macao via
SEZ, shall be handled in accordance with relevant State regulations on the
control of imports and exports.
Article 7
The Customs establishments in SEZ shall register the statistics of the
goods, means of conveyance, passengers' luggage and personal effects, and
mails entering and leaving SEZ according to the categories of import,
export or transport between SEZ and the non-SEZ areas.
Chapter II Control over Goods Entering or Leaving SEZ
Article 8
The consigner or the consignee or his agent shall fill in the Customs
declaration forms declaring the goods entering or leaving SEZ and submit
the relevant licenses and other documents to the Customs for examination
in accordance with pertinent regulations.
Article 9
The Customs duties and consolidated industrial and commercial taxes
(products tax and value added tax) on goods imported by the administrative
organs, institutions and enterprises in SEZ for use within SEZ, upon
approval of the competent authorities specified by State regulations,
shall be dealt with in the following ways:
(1) No duty and tax shall be levied on the machines, equipment, spare
parts, components, materials, fuel and transport vehicles imported for
construction and production in SEZ, nor on foodstuffs for the tourism and
catering trade and office equipment and means of transport imported in
reasonable quantities by enterprises, institutions and administrative
organs for their own use.
(2) Duties and taxes shall be levied at specified rates on goods, spare
parts, and components which are subject to import restrictions set by the
State, except those imported by enterprises for their own use in
production and business operations or by administrative organs and
institutions for their own use.
(3) The departments authorized by the State shall review and determine
annual import quotas for goods other than those listed in Items (1) and
(2) of this Article, and duties and taxes shall be computed and collected
on the goods imported within the set quotas at half of the specified
rates, and full-rate duties and taxes shall, according to relevant
regulations, be levied on the goods imported beyond the set quotas.
Article 10
Exemption from export duties shall be granted to export goods produced by
enterprises in SEZ.
Article 11
When the finished products manufactured in SEZ are transferred to non-SEZ
areas upon approval according to the relevant State regulations, the
consigner or his agent shall declare to the Customs by filling out a
declaration form for the transference of goods to other areas from SEZ and
submit it together with the approval documents and other relevant papers
to the Customs in conformity with the regulations. The aforesaid products
shall be released by the Customs after checking.
Goods imported into SEZ are strictly prohibited from being transferred to
other areas for sale unless otherwise stipulated by the State.
Article 12
Finished products processed or assembled by enterprises in SEZ with raw
materials, spare parts, components (hereinafter referred to as materials
and parts) imported duty free shall be re-exported.
Where the finished products mentioned above are transshipped, upon
approval, to other areas, payment of duties and taxes shall be calculated
on the basis of the imported materials and parts employed in the products.
Where the products are sold within SEZ, exemption from or payment of
duties and taxes on the imported materials and parts shall be handled
according to the stipulations in Article 9 of these Provisions. In a case
where the consigner or his agent fails to clarify the description,
quantities and value of imported materials and parts employed in the
products, payment of duties and taxes shall be calculated at such a rate
as if the finished products as a whole had been imported.
Article 13
The consignee or his agent shall declare to the Customs on goods
introduced into SEZ from other areas and the Customs shall release such
goods after checking.
Chapter III Control over Means of Conveyance Entering or Leaving SEZ
Article 14
All ships, trains, vehicles and aircraft entering or leaving SEZ shall be
declared to the Customs by the persons in charge, the owners or owners'
agents for inspection.
Article 15
All vehicles and vessels engaged in freight or passenger service or those
owned by enterprises or individuals in SEZ for transportation shall be
registered for the record at the Customs by the owners of the vehicles and
vessels with the approval documents issued by the relevant competent
authorities of SEZ together with a list stating the total number of
vehicles or vessels, licence numbers, their designations, names of the
drivers or of the crew.
Chapter IV Control over Luggage and Postal Articles Entering and Leaving SEZ
Article 16
Luggage carried by passengers entering SEZ from abroad or leaving SEZ for
abroad and personal articles sent by post from abroad into SEZ or sent
abroad by post from SEZ shall all be dealt with according to the Customs
rules on the control over the luggage and articles carried by the
passengers or postal articles entering or leaving Chinese territories.
Article 17
Articles intended for the establishment of the persons from abroad who
have bought residential houses or have decided to reside in SEZ for a long
time shall be declared to the Customs with the certification papers issued
by the relevant competent authorities of SEZ. The articles shall be
released duty free after Customs inspection if they are verified to be for
personal use and within reasonable quantities.
Article 18
Luggage carried by passengers travelling between SEZ and other areas shall
be restricted to reasonable quantities and be released by the Customs
after checking.
Article 19
Personal articles sent by post between SEZ and other areas in both
directions shall be in reasonable quantities.
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 20
Smuggling and other infringements upon these Provisions shall be dealt
with by the Customs according to the Interim Customs Law [*2] and other
relevant regulations. The judicial organs shall investigate the criminal
responsibilities of those who violate the criminal law.
Article 21
The right to interpret these Provisions resides in the General Customs
Administration; the Customs establishments in SEZ may, in accordance with
these Provisions, formulate specific rules for implementation, which shall
be enforced after approval by the General Customs Administration.
Article 22
These Provisions shall be effective as of April 1, 1986.
Notes:
[*1] [*2] The Interim Customs Law has been superseded by the Customs of
Law of the People's Republic of China, which was adopted at the 19th
Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress
of the People's Republic of China on January 22, 1987 - The Editor
